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随着新学期的到来，不同专业的报录比情况又成为大家热议的话题，一些被称是“天坑”的专业遇冷。高校对人们的吸引力好像逐渐比不过“就业容易”带给人们的冲击力， “就业为王”似乎成了社会价值取向。
民间俗称“天坑”的“生化环材”专业、今年“降温”明显的财经类专业、被戏称为“贵族专业”的纯文科……越来越多的专业被打上 “坑”的 标签，在社交平台的吐槽比比皆是，现身说法“劝退”的网友不在少数。
In addition to liberal arts subjects such as foreign languages and journalism, some engineering majors, including bioengineering, chemical engineering, environmental science and materials science, have been labeled by students as poor subject choices.
The term “super-entrapped major” has become a catchphrase on several social media platforms, with some netizens talking students out of their studies due to their own experiences.
中国日报近期采访了一些选择了天坑专业的学生，来听听他们的故事。
图源：中国日报社 陆平
“最高月薪4000，不保证双休”
来自辽宁沈阳的大学生马琪本科学的俄语专业，研究生在俄罗斯学的新闻专业。虽然已经找了好几个月的工作，她还是没有找到满意的。
在沈阳，她目前能拿到最高的工资是4000每月，而且还不能保证双休。马琪表示她正在考虑要不要继续读博。
After four years of studying Russian for a bachelor's degree at a university in Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, and two years of postgraduate studies in journalism at a university in Russia, Ma Qi still hasn't found a suitable job. She believes this is because she chose the wrong subject.
"I've been looking for jobs for three months, and the highest salary I was offered was 4,000 yuan ($554) per month, without the guarantee of a two-day break during weekends," she said last month, adding that she is now considering pursuing doctoral studies.
马琪说，她去俄罗斯读研完全是因为本科毕业的时候找不到好工作。现在研究生毕业了还是不行，所以新闻和俄语对她来说都是天坑专业。
Ma said she chose to pursue postgraduate studies in journalism because she could not find a good job despite having a bachelor's degree in Russian. Yet a master's in journalism still cannot guarantee her a decent salary. "So, for me, both majors are entrapped ones," she said.
2023年8月26日，沈阳，秋季开学季，沈阳农业大学的学生们开始到校报到，学校内热闹非凡。图源：视觉中国
她2021年本科毕业时只能找到月薪1800的外贸员工作，而且公司的人事还说她如果不想去的话，很多人都想去。
她觉得男生更适合学俄语，因为他们被外派到俄罗斯的可能性更大，要不然就需要到类似北外这种学校学俄语。
“如果你和我一样在一个普通大学学俄语专业的话，很有可能你也找不到好工作，因为俄语专业的学生太多了，根本不需要这么多人。”
Ma feels that studying Russian favors male students, as they are more likely to be sent to Russia by companies. To land a good job, she recommends studying Russian at institutions with a good reputation, such as Beijing Foreign Studies University.
"If like me, you studied Russian at an ordinary university, the chances are you will also be unable to find a good job, as there are just too many students studying that language, and there is not that much demand," she said.
“生物专业老师：我小孩以后不能学生物”
浙江大学的硕士毕业生郑洋认为生物专业也是十足的天坑专业。他表示学生物如果想找到好工作的话必须要博士毕业才行。
Zheng Yang, who graduated from Zhejiang University with a master's in biology, also believes that his subject is not a good one.
"If you want to find a decent job in biology, you must have a doctoral degree," he said.
他是2018年毕业，那个时候他只能找到月薪七八千的工作，但是如果他学计算机相关的专业的话，很轻松就可以找到这个工资两倍多的工作。
When he graduated in 2018, Zheng could only find work that paid 7,000 yuan to 8,000 yuan a month, while graduates with a master‘s in information technology can easily find jobs that offer at least double that salary.
郑洋表示，尽管他研究生期间非常努力，还是没办法按时毕业，因为做实验和写论文需要花费大量的时间，他最终延毕了一年多。
2023年5月14日，福州，高校毕业季来临，福建农林大学的毕业生们在校园内拍摄毕业纪念照，给大学校园的青春时光留下美好记忆。中新社记者 张斌 摄
郑洋表示，在导师眼里硕士生就是廉价劳动力，他们干着耗时的工作，却拿着一点点工资，所以很多生物专业的研究生都延毕了。
他的导师经常跟他们说，以后不许自己的孩子学生物，因为这个专业投入产出比太低了。
Although he worked extremely hard, he did not graduate on time, and had to defer his studies for more than a year to complete his experiments and dissertations.
Postgraduate students are considered cheap labor for university supervisors, who only offer them low pay to perform time-consuming work. As a result, students frequently defer their studies, Zheng said.
郑洋谈到，他当初选生物专业是因为那个时候都流行说21世纪是生物的世纪。
“但是当我真的读了生物专业以后，我才发现这个专业太耗时了，毕业也太难了，我有一些同门都读到一半放弃了。”
"However, after I embarked on my studies, I began to realize just how boring and time-consuming the major is and how difficult it is to graduate," he said, adding that some of his classmates gave up halfway through their studies.
他也有不少同学最后也没有在生物行业工作，只是拿着浙大的硕士文凭作为敲门砖去了其他行业。
“张雪峰效应”
今年6月份，名师张雪峰突然爆火。起因是一位网友向其咨询报考新闻专业的建议。他表示：“闭着眼随便指一个专业都比新闻学好”、“新闻专业狗都不学，谁学就把他腿打断”。
图源：视觉中国
新闻学不是张雪峰第一个劝退的专业。这些年，他相继劝退了哲学、教育学、工商管理、外语、历史、金融、土木、生化环材等所谓的“天坑专业”。
张雪峰看好的专业也有不少，比如法学、汉语言文学、公费师范、思政、口腔医学，电子通信类、电气新能源类、数学和计算机等，他认为这些专业“好就业、好考公、更务实、有性价比”。
Zhang Xuefeng, founder of the education company Fengxue Weilai, made headlines recently when he said during a live-streaming broadcast that he would "knock out" his child if the child wanted to study journalism at university, as journalism graduates typically do not earn high salaries.
Zhang has also dissuaded students against choosing subjects such as philosophy, education, business management, foreign languages, finance, bioengineering, chemical engineering, environmental science, and materials science.
He believes that subjects such as law, Chinese language, politics, math and computer sciences are good because it is easy for graduates studying them to find well-paid jobs.
张雪峰的大学报考建议总结走红网络。截至8月2日，“张雪峰老师”抖音账号粉丝达2059.3万人。较其6月初爆红时的粉丝数，不到两个月涨粉700万人。
这也引爆社会舆论，支持者认为他“打破信息屏障”、“讲了大实话”，反对者则认为这种选择过度功利、短视。
Zhang Xuefeng's outspokenness has made him a popular figure among parents and students.
He said he is offering his advice to students from less-privileged backgrounds, because for them, a job with a high salary should be more important than pursuing their interests.
His supporters said he has "broken the information barrier", while his detractors think Zhang's suggestions are too shortsighted and profit-driven.
但今年志愿录取的结果是，张雪峰看好的计算机、法学、汉语言文学专业分数暴涨；新闻、经管、生化环材等“天坑专业”分数持续暴跌。
“今年中传（新闻学省内录取）排名降了一千多对我也是意外的惊喜！录到了第一志愿非常开心。”
2023年安徽文科考生李萌自称“捡漏王”，她的高考分数589分，省内排1894名，最终录到心仪的中国传媒大学（下称中传）新闻学专业。
今年，中传在全国多地的录取分数大幅下滑，这些地区招生主要以新闻传播相关专业为主。
As a result of his popularity, demand for the subjects he has recommended, including computer science and Chinese language, has risen significantly this year, but it has fallen greatly for majors such as journalism and management.
教育部等五部门印发的《普通高等教育学科专业设置调整优化改革方案》明确，到2025年优化调整高校20%学科专业布点，新设一批适应新技术、新产业、新业态、新模式的学科专业，淘汰不适应经济社会发展的学科专业；基础学科特别是理科和基础医科本科专业点占比进一步提高。
按照教育部规定，就业率连续两年低于60%的专业，调减招生计划直至停招。
The Ministry of Education has said some 20 percent of the university majors in China will be adjusted by 2025. Old majors will be dropped, while new ones will be introduced that are more suitable for new technology and industry.
The ministry said majors with employment rates of less than 60 percent for two consecutive years will be accorded fewer enrollment slots, and could even be canceled.
专家：专业没有绝对“冷热”之分
专家表示，考生对热门专业仍跟风追捧、冷门专业却无人问津的情况时有发生。经过优化改革而出现的新学科专业，不能简单用“好”或“热门”去定义。
Experts have cautioned students to focus more on their interests, rather than the popularity of majors, when choosing their university.
南开大学教务部副部长、招生办主任金柏江在接受光明日报采访时表示，经过优化改革而出现的新专业或是应当下需求而产生，或是符合国家长期发展战略需要，不能简单地用“好”或“热门”去定义。
一定程度上，新专业很可能成为热门专业，但是，专业、行业的发展是有周期的，一味追新设立的专业也可能在行业周期中变成下行态势。
Jin Baijiang, director of the student admission office at Nankai University in Tianjin, said a major should not be labeled "good" or "bad", "popular" or "unpopular", as all of them are created to meet demands from society and serve long-term national development.
He told Guangming Daily that while new majors will likely become popular, in time they might also become outdated, so it is unwise for students to pursue the latest trends.
图源：视觉中国
中国农业大学本科生院培养处处长何志巍表示：“读大学的价值在于帮助学生建立独立自主的人格，树立正确的价值观，会思考、能创造，能够在提升自我中逐渐认识和拓展未来的发展之路。进入大学以后，学生一定可以、也一定需要超越原本所选所学专业的‘冷热’。大学专业的选择确实对一个人今后的发展有着重要的意义，但绝不是意义的全部。选择任何专业，都不影响你在大学期间探索未知的世界，增长自己的见识，开阔人生的视野。”
He Zhiwei, a director of China Agricultural University's undergraduate school, said a university education is aimed at helping students cultivate independent thinking, form correct values, and find their future development path.
"No matter which major they choose, students cannot be deterred from exploring an unknown world, as at college they will enrich their knowledge and broaden their horizons," she added.
北京师范大学高等教育研究院教授乔锦忠表示，专业选择本质上是能力、意愿与职业之间的匹配。从理想的角度看，应尽量摒弃功利主义思想的影响，选择擅长且喜欢的专业更有利于发展天赋才华，也更容易取得成就。
实际上专业“冷热”对个人是相对的，适合的才是最好的，热门专业竞争很激烈，在冷门行业如果做得好，收入和价值感也不一定比热门专业差。另外，学业规划应从长计议。
乔锦忠说，从长期看，在本科阶段选择基础学科，在研究生阶段选择应用型和职业性学科，更容易形成基础宽厚、专业精深的知识与能力结构，更有利于未来长远发展。
Qiao Jinzhong, a professor of education at Beijing Normal University, said students should not be too profit-driven when choosing majors. It is easier for them to make a difference when they learn things they are interested in, he added.
To acquire broad and professional knowledge, he advises students to choose basic disciplines for undergraduate studies, and an applied or vocational major for postgraduate studies.
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