1994至2004考研英语真题英译汉一

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　　Passage 1

　　According to the new school of scientists, technology isanoverlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientificknowledge.71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much throughtheinsights of great men of genius as because of more ordinarythingslike improved techniques and tools.72) In short, a leaderof thenew school contends, the scientific revolution, as we callit, waslargely the improvement and invention and use of a seriesofinstruments that expanded the reach of science ininnumerabledirections. 73) Over the years, tools and technologythemselves asa source of fundamental innovation have largely beenignored byhistorians and philoso-phers of science. The modernschool thathails technology argues that such masters as Galileo,Newton,Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attachedgreatimportance to, and derived great benefit from, craftinformationand technological devices of different kinds that wereusable inscientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument ofatechnology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis ofGalileosrole at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdomof theday was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the secondcentury,whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the centerof allheavenly motions. 74) Galileos greatest glory was that in1609 hewas the first person to turn the newly invented telescope ontheheavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sunratherthan around the Earth. But the real hero of the story,according tothe new school of scientists, was the long evolution intheimprovement of machinery for making eyeglasses.

　　Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technologyvs.genius dispute. 75) Whether the Government should increasethefinancing of pure science at the expense of technology orviceversa often depends on the issue of which is seen as thedrivingforce.

　　Passage 2

　　The standardized educational or psychological tests thatarewidely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning,orpromoting students, employees, and military personnel have beenthetarget of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press,andeven in congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attackingthetests, critics divert attention from the fault that lieswithill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves aremerelytools, with characteristics that can be measured withreasonableprecision under specified conditions. Whether the resultswill bevaluable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partlyupon thetool itself but largely upon the user.

　　All informed predictions of future performance are based uponsomeknowledge of relevant past performance: school gradesresearchproductive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72)How wellthe predictions will be validated by later performancedepends uponthe amount, reliability, and appropriateness of theinformationused and on the skill and wisdom with which it isinterpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that theinformation availableis always incomplete and that the predictionsare always subject toerror.

　　Standardized tests should be considered in this context.Theyprovide a quick, tive method of getting some kids ofinformationabout what a person learned, the skills he hasdeveloped, or thekinds of person he is. The information so obtainedhas,qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as otherkindsof information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kindsofinformation, or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comtivevalidity andupon such factors as cost and availability.

　　74) In general, the tests work most effectively when thequalitiesto be measured can be most precisely defined and leasteffectivelywhen what is to be measured or predicted can not bewell defined.Properly used, they provide a rapid means of gettingcombleinformation about many people. Sometimes they identifystudentswhose high potential has not been previously recognized,but thereare many things they do not do. 75. For example, they donotcompensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tellhowable an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grownupunder more favorable circumstances.更多信息请尽在