Passage Three

　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

　　Going online is a favorite recreation for millions of American children. Almost 10 million (14 percent) of America\'s 69 million children are online. The Internet both entertains and educates children, however, there are some possible negative consequences for children who access kid-based Web sites. Advertising on kid-based Web sites has become both a rapidly growing market for consumer companies and a concern for parents. With a click on an icon, children can link to advertisers and be granted tremendous spending power. Children are an important target group for consumer companies. Children under age 12 spent $ 14 billion, teenagers another $ 67 billion, and together they influenced $ 160 billion of their parents\' incomes.

　　Many critics question the appropriateness of targeting children in Internet advertising and press to require that children be treated as a "special case" by advertisers. Because children lack the analytical (分析的) abilities and judgment of adults, they may be unable to evaluate the accuracy of information they view, or understand that the information they provide to advertisers is really just data collected by an advertiser. Children generally lack the ability to give consent to the release of personal information to an advertiser，an even greater problem for children when they are offered incentives (刺激) for providing personal information, or when personal information is required before they are allowed to register for various services. Children may not realize that in many cases these characters provide hotlinks directly to advertising sites.

　　The Internet does present some challenges for advertisers who want to be ethical in their marketing practices. Many advertisers argue that we underestimate (低估) the levels of media awareness shown by children. By the age of seven or eight most children can recognize an advertisement and know that its purpose is to sell something and are able to make judgments about the products shown in advertisements. However, this somewhat optimistic and decidedly libertarian view of children runs aground when we realize that they are (like a surprising number of adults) unable to judge accurately between entertainment and advertising. Adults can fend for themselves but, as marketers, we should be explicit (明确的) about our purpose when advertising to children on the Internet.

　　31. According to the first paragraph, children as an Internet market _____.

　　[A] are becoming increasingly rational

　　[B] are using it at an earlier and earlier age

　　[C] has created a growing advertising market

　　[D] are overtaking the adult market due to their spending power

　　32. Targeting children for advertising is controversial because children _____.

　　[A] are unable to analyze and judge advertisements

　　[B] are unable to give consent since they are too young

　　[C] often give off information that may be dangerous to them

　　[D] are not ready to evaluate advertisements or information requests

　　33. Many advertisers defend the targeting of children because _____.

　　[A] no actual sales take place

　　[B] it is up to parents to monitor their children

　　[C] children understand what an advertisement is trying to do

　　[D] children are provided a game in return for the information

　　34. One reason why children are unable to resist giving personal information on the Internet is that ____.

　　[A] they feel they must follow an adult\'s orders

　　[B] it is presented in connection with entertainment

　　[C] they do not know that the information is going to be read by someone

　　[D] due to their inability to distinguish an advertisement from a non-advertisement

　　35. In the passage the author wants his marketers to understand that _____.

　　[A] advertising to children must stop

　　[B] a libertarian view in advertising is unethical

　　[C] advertising to children must have a clear purpose

　　[D] children must be treated differently when advertising

　　Passage Four

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

　　What is the relation between the code and culture which creates it, and which it transmits to the next generation? Linguists in the anthropological tradition had tried to establish links with meanings expressed lexically: Eskimo words for ‘snow’, Arabic words for ‘camel’ and so on. Yet vocabulary only ‘reflects’ culture by courtesy of (蒙...提供) its internal organization as a whole; and the assertion that “because \'camels\' are important to the Arabs, therefore they have a lot of different words for \'them\'” is a statement as much about English as about Arabic. Presumably nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese; yet Chinese has a single word for rice and it means various other things besides. Chinese happens to be a type of language that favors general nouns.

　　As the essential medium for people to organize and convey their ideas, language is no longer what it seemed to be for the traditional linguists who used to think of language as simple formal codes. It is also closely related to the context, social or anthropological, in which the communication takes place. Today most linguists come to realize that language is an important component of culture. It determines not only the form in which ideas are transmitted, but also the method with which the content of the ideas are organized. In this perspective, language is also a communicative base on which members of a speech community form their ideas in a way that is readily comprehensible to other members of that community. It is also regarded as part of culture that is related to other fields of humanity (人类) studies.

　　But what is merely comic (滑稽的) when applied to lexics (词汇学) becomes seriously misleading when applied to grammar. As Whorf pointed 50 years ago, it is naive and dangerous to take isolated grammatical phenomena and try to relate them to features of a culture. When linguists recognized this, their response was to avoid the language/culture issue altogether, thus closing the door on an important area of research. That there is a relationship between a code and the culture that engenders (造成) it is beyond question; but it is an extremely complex and abstract one.

　　36. The first paragraph mainly discusses _____.

　　[A] the early history of human language

　　[B] how important words are in the cultural issue

　　[C] the way in which people name different things

　　[D] the relation between language and culture on the lexical level

　　37. According to the anthropologists, the importance of a meaning _____.

　　[A] reflect the customs

　　[B] is reflected by the number of words referring to it

　　[C] is connected with next generation

　　[D] reflect certain cultures

　　38. The author cites the only Chinese word for rice to show that _____.

　　[A] the Chinese people especially enjoy rice

　　[B] the Chinese people have a different viewpoint

　　[C] important foods are not always named by many words

　　[D] something culturally important may not be important in language

　　39. From the Arabic words for ‘camel’ and the Eskimo words for ‘snow’, we can infer that _____.

　　[A] language may reflect living conditions

　　[B] different languages may have the same origin

　　[C] people enjoy different things in different cultures

　　[D]language can be used to show people\'s versatility

　　40. Which of the following most appropriately describes the author\'s logic of writing this passage?

　　[A] Analyze an issue and in the end draw a conclusion.

　　[B] Present and analyze an opinion and then argue against it.

　　[C] Compare two different opinions and prove one of them is right.

　　[D] Present a question, analyze it and make efforts to answer it, and in the end leave the question unanswered.

(责任编辑：高琨)